一、初中英语语法归纳
本文归纳了词法、八种基本时态以及三大基本从句，是历年中考英语必考语法点。
（一）词 法
1. 名词
（1）名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
（2）名词复数的规则变化
a.一般情况下加-s。
b.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es
c.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es
d.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es
（3）名词的所有格
a. 单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。
如：the worker’s bike，the children’ s ball
b. 表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。
如：this is lucy and licy’ s room.
these are kate’s and jack’ s rooms.
c. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。
如：the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外：名词 of 名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词 of 名词的结构来表示所有关系。)
2. 代词
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词
（1）人称代词
第一人称单数
i me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称
单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
（2）物主代词
物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词；
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
（3）反身代词
反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：i enjoyed myself at the party. 另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如：i can do it myself.
（4）指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法：
(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。
(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
（5）不定代词
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
3. 冠词
（1）不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.
（2）定冠词的基本用法
a. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
b. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
c. 用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。
（3）定冠词的特殊用法
a. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
b. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。
c. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
d. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
e. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
f. 用在乐器名称前。
g. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。
（4）名词前不用冠词的情况
a. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
b. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
c. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。
d. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里
4. 数词
（1）数字的表示
三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。
1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。
（2）序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。
（3）分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。
（4）hundreds(thousands，millions)of……
5. 形容词、副词
（1）形容词的位置
a. 形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。
b. 当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：
we have dug a hole two meters deep.
the hole is about two metres deep.
（2）形容词的比较等级
单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加—(e)r，—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：
popular———more popular———most popular
important—more important—most important
（3）副词的比较等级
单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。
（4）少数形容词和副词比较级/最高级的不规则变化：
原级 比较级 最高级
well —— better —— best
badly —— worse —— worst
much —— more —— most
little —— less —— least
far —— farther —— farthest
farthest furthest
late —— later —— latest
（5）副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
6. 介词
（1）表示时间的介词及介词短语
in, at, on, before，after，till，since，for, fromto, until， by，in the middle of，at the beginning of， at the end of，at half past five，at night，in a week，in the morning，in class，at sunrise， in spring/summer/autumn/winter，on sunday，on saturday afternoon，on a winter evening，for a long time，for two months，after school，since liberation，before lunch，at the time of，at the age of
（2）表示地点的介词及介词短语
in，at，into，to，on，beside，before，behind，above，under，outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across， off， down， among， past，between，out of，around，in the front of， in the middle of， at the back of，at the foot of，at home，at the gate，at the table，in the sky， on the ground，in a tree， in the south，in the sun，in the bed，on one’s way home，by the side of
二、八种基本时态
1. 一般现在时
概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。
如：1) i go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。(表经常)
2) he is always like that . 他总是那样。 (表状态)
构成：1) 主语 be (am / are / is ) ……
2) 主语 实义动词/三单动词 …
2.一般过去时
概念: 1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等.
如: i went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影.
2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作.
如: he always went to work by bike last week.
构成: 1) 主语 be (was / were ) ……
2) 主语 实义动词过去式
3. 现在进行时
概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作.
如: he is singing.
they are watching tv now.
构成: 主语 助动词be(am/are/is) 动词-ing形式构成.
4. 过去进行时
概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示.
如: 1) —what were you doing?
—i was jumping.
2) —what was the boy doing when the ufo arrived?
—he was sleeping.
构成: 主语 助动词be(was/were) 动词-ing形式构成.
5. 一般将来时
概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等.
如: he will go shopping tomorrow.
they are going to play basketball next week.
构成: 1) 主语 助动词will 动原 …
2) 主语 be going to 动原 ….
6. 过去将来时
概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
构成: 1) 主语(第一人称) 助动词should 动原 …
2) 主语 would 动原 ….
3) 主语 was/ were going to 动原…
用法: 过去将来时除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态.
如: 1) i should go.
2) you knew i would come.
3) they were going to naning.
7. 现在完成时
构成: 主语 助动词 ( have / has ) 动词过去分词 …
用法 例句
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. —have you had your lunch yet?
—yes, i have. (现在我不饿了)
8. 过去完成时
构成: 主语 助动词 had 动词过去分词 …
用法 例句
表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语,也可用when, before, 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示.
i had finished my homework when my mom came back home.
三、三大基本从句
从句的共同特点
从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。
从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。
从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：he is a teacher主语 he 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而is he a teacher? 主语 he 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)
1. 宾语从句
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：he said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
宾语从句的特点：
①宾语从句有自己的连接词
②宾语从句用陈述语序
③宾语从句的时态
（1）宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。
（2）宾语从句的语序：
a. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：i want to know if he can come tomorrow
b. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：she asked me who had helped him.
（3）宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”
a. 主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.he tells me he likes english very much(一般现在时)
b. 主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。
如：he told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)
c. 客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。
如：1.he says the moon goes around the earth.
2. 状语从句
（1）时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
时间状语的连接词：when(当…时候) while(当…时候) as(当…时候) after(在…以后) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自从…到现在) till /until(直到…
才) by the time(到…为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。
举例：when当…的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)
mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
（2）原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。
连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导。
举例：i didn’t go to school yesterday because i was ill.
（3）条件状语从句：在一个句子中作条件状语的句子。
连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)
举例：if it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
（4）目的、结果状语从句
目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。
结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子
目的状语从句连接词so that, so…that , in order that 引导。
结果状语从句连接词 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。
举例：so…that 如此…以至于
the scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
（5）让步状语从句
让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子
连接词：though, although.，whether…or not
举例：although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
3.no matter从句
结构：”no matter 特殊疑问词疑问词 陈述语序” 或”特殊疑问词 后缀ever 陈述语序”
如：no matter what happened, he would not mind.
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
3. 定语从句
定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分。
如：i will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)
定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后
如：i have met the doctor who is in the no.1 hospital.
定语从句的连接词：
连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that
连接副词：when、where、why
二、初中英语语法重难点100单选案例
a. was b. were c. did d. does
2. they going to see mr. sun tomorrow.
a. is b. are c. am d. be
3. some are in the river and some are games.
a. swiming, playing b. swimming, playing
c. swimming, playing d. swimming, playing
4. where is dick? he to the reading-room.
a. has been b. went c. has gone d. goes
5. mark twain, an american writer, everybody here.
a. knows b. is known as c. is known to d. is known for
6. i hope he will come to see me before he here.
a. leave b. leaves c. will leave d. left
7. my teacher told me that australians english.
a. spoke b. speak
c. speaks d. are speaking
8. i think she right now.
a. reading b. reads c. is reading d. read
9. —- where are the children?
—- they a good time in the garden.
a. are having b. have c. have had d. had
10. —– where my glasses? i can’t find them.
—- i them on the bookshelf, but they aren’t there.
a. you put, put b. you have put, have put
c. have you put, put d. did you put, have put
11. when the police arrived, the man for 10 minutes.
a. died b. was death c. had died d. had been dead
12. by the time this talk is over, we a lot about the earth.
a. will be learning b. are learning
c. world learn d. will have learnt
13. the teachers told me that they me to smooth away the difficulties.
a. helped b. will help c. help d. were going to help
14. —-have you seen him today?
—-yes, i him this morning.
a. has seen b. see c. will see d. saw
15. he worried when he heard this news.
a. is b. was c. does d. did
16. what’s your friend going next week.
a. doing b. do c. does d. to do
17. i don’t think that it’s true. he’s always strange stories.
a. tell b. telling c. told d. tells
18. have you ever west hill farm?
a. gone to b. arrived c. come to d. been to
19. how long he the novel?
a. has, borrowed b. has, kept
c. has, lent d. is, using
20. he to do this lessons at eight every evening.
a. is begining b. is beginning c. begin d. begins
21. the children a swim this afternoon.
a. are going to has b. is going to have
c. are having d. are going to have
22. there a telephone call for my brother steven yesterday.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
23. he on well with his friends this term?
a. does, gets b. does, get
c. is, getting d. is, geting
24. who away my pen? i can’t find it.
a. haven taken b. takes c. has taken d. took
25. shall we football this saturday?
a. play b. playing c. plays d. to play
26. the children at school now.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
27. mr. smith short stories, but he a tv play these days.
a. is writing, is writing b. is writing, writes
c. writes, is writing d. writes, writes
28. he said he the league for two years.
a. has joined b. has been in c. had been in d. joined
29. she likes watering trees in the garden, she?
a. doesn’t b. don’t c. isn’t d. didn’t
30. what you to do to keep the room clean?
a. do, have b. does, have c. did, have d. are, have
31. some flowers by kate already.
a. have been watered b. watered c. have watered d. has been watered
32. when winter comes, the leaves fall.
a. are going to b. will c. will be d. would
33. i to the cinema. i there every sunday.
a. go, go b. am going, go c. go, am going d. am going, am going
34. you about the future now, you?
a. don’t think, don’t b. aren’t thinking, aren’t c. don’t think, do d. aren’t thinking, are
35. he was afraid that he his way.
a. would lost b. would lose c. is going to d. shall lose
36. we each other since he left here.
a. didn’t see b. hadn’t seen c. haven’t seen d. had seen
37. mr. smith out for a walk in the park every day.
a. is going b. goes c. went d. go
38. he from home for a long time.
a. has gone away b. had gone away
c. has left d. has been away
39. you mustn’t go too high, or you dangerous.
a. will be b. are c. would be d. is going to
40. we have known each other .
a. since we were young b. after we were young
c. when we are young d. if we are young
41. she promised she do better work.
a. would b. will c. shall d. is going to
42. how long has this shop ?
a. be open b. been open
c. opened d. been opened
43. mr. smith here since he moved to his city.
a. had lived b. have live
c. have lived d. has lived
44. —-have you read the newspaper?
—-no, i haven’t .
a. too b. yet c. just d. already
45. our knowledge of the universe all the time.
a. grow b. is growing
c. grows d. grew
46. she won’t go to the cinema if she the work tomorrow.
a. doesn’t finish b. won’t finish c. will finish d. finish
47. my grandma for half a year.
a. has been dead b. was dead c. has died d. died
48. she to the great wall several times.
a. goes b. has gone c. went d. has been
49. the earth round the sun.
a. move b. moves c. moved d. will move
50. liu fengwei three yuan for the lost library book.
a. paid b. spent c. cost d. took
51. i the bike for over four years.
a. have bought b. have buy c. have had d. bought
52. he told us that he that factory the next day.
a. had visited b. has visited c. will visit d. would visit
53. his mother the party last year. she a party member for a year.
a. joined, was b. has joined, is c. joined, has been d. has joined, has been
54. we don’t know if it the day after tomorrow.
a. will rain b. rains c. rained d. would rain
55. he said he his life for his country.
a. give b. gave c. had given d. would give
56. he always to the park on sunday morning.
a. go b. goes c. went d. is going
57. look, the students to the teacher carefully.
a. is listening b. are listening c. listen d. listened
58. he in this school in 1958.
a. taught b. has taught c. teaches d. had taught
59. they said they to england the next day.
a. will fly b. had flown c. would fly d. flew
60. they the work in two days.
a. had finished b. would finished c. is finishing d. will finish
61. by the end of last week, we two thousand words.
a. would learn b. have learned c. had learned d. were learning
62. when he left, his mother .
a. is cooking b. cooked c. was cooking d. cooks
63. we’ll go to play with snow if it tomorrow.
a. snow b. snows c. will snow d. snowed
( ) 64. there no milk in the glass.
a. have b. has c. are d. is
65. the train when we got to the station.
a. has just left b. had just left c. leaves d. left
66. dr smith is not at home. he to work.
a. has gone b. has been c. had been d. had gone
67. that man knows a lot about new york. i heard he before.
a. had gone to the city b. had been in there
c. had been there d. had been new york
68. the artist to europe. he is there now.
a. has gone b. has been c. had gone d. had been
69. miss brown said she never to north china before.
a. has, gone b. has, been c. had, gone d. had, been
70. what your grandma this time yesterday?
a. is, doing b. was, doing c. did, do d. had, done
71. i to see the film because i have lost my ticket.
a. won’t go b. didn’t go c. don’t go d. haven’t gone
72. the students will have a football match if it fine next saturday.
a. will be b. would be c. was d. is
73. she asked me if i the story before.
a. have read b. had read c. would read d. will read
74. what they at eight yesterday evening?
a. are, doing b. did, do c. have, done d. were, doing
75. you can’t see him now because he an important meeting.
a. is having b. have c. has d. was having
76. i to my brother since last summer.
a. didn’t write b. hadn’t written c. haven’t written d. don’t write
77. li ping will visit the great wall as soon as he free.
a. will be b. is c. was d. has been
78. one day when i the post office i my uncle.
a. pass, see b. was passing, saw c. passed, saw d. pass, saw
79. he he some mistakes in the test.
a. said, will make b. said, made c. said, had made d. said, make
80. they tired so they stopped a rest.
a. are, have b. were, have c. were, to have d. are, having
81. my father every day.
a. takes a walk b. took walk c. take a walk d. is taking a walk
82. mary is seven years old. she eight next year.
a. is b. will c. was d. will be
83. a table and many chairs made by him yesterday.
a. was b. were c. are being d. was being
84. i’ll go with you as soon as i my work.
a. will finish b. shall finish c. finish d. finished
85. trees green in spring.
a. turn b. turns c. would turn d. is turning
86. yesterday i in bed all day because i had a fever.
a. lay b. lie c. laid d. lain
87. hello, mike. it’s you. i you in beijing. how long have you been here?
a. don’t know, were b. hadn’t know, are
c. haven’t known, are d. didn’t know, were
88. a: when again?
b: when he . i’ll let you know.
a. he comes, comes b. will be come, will come
c. he comes, will come d. will he come, comes
89. the last bus . i had to walk home.
a. had gone b. have gone c. went d. has gone
90. a: are you making cakes? b: .
a. yes, i do b. yes, i am c. yes, i’m d. yes, i’m making
91. —-what time ?
—-my watch .
a. it is, stopped b. is it, has stopped c. it is, has stopped d. is it, is stopping
92. what on sunday?
a. does he sometimes do b. is he often doing
c. has he done d. is usually he do
93. did you hear someone at the door when you tv last night?
a. knock, was watching b. knock, watching
c. knock, were watching d. knock, are watching
94. that japanese knows the salt lake city. i heard he before.
a. a lot of, had been there b. a lot about, had been there
c. lot, had been there d. a lot of, had gone there
95. as soon as we saw his face, we the news bad.
a. knew, was b. know, were c. know, was d. know, were
96. reading english magazines and newspapers helpful to your study of english.
a.is b.are c.will d.is going to do
97.mary ,what doing ?
a.she is b.are you c.you are d.is
98. a: is this a new radio?
b: no,i____it for five years.
a. have b.have had c.had had d.will have
99.i’ m sure he will come to see me before he beijing.
a.will leave b.is leaving c.would leave d.leaves
100.it seemed that he something expensive.
a.have lost b.lost c.had lost d.has losted
